[17] ... Specifically, CIBC argues that the trial judge misapplied the test for ostensible or apparent authority. CIBC relies on the articulation of ostensible or apparent authority as a type of estoppel by Professor Gerald Fridman in Canadian Agency Law, 3rd ed. (Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis, 2017), at p. 61, as follows: “The requirements for agency by estoppel are: (a) a representation; (b) a reliance on a representation; and (c) an alteration of a party’s position resulting from such reliance.”
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