|
Stay Pending Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. R. v. Reimer
In R. v. Reimer (Ont CA, 2024) the Ontario Court of Appeal considered a motion for a Crown stay "pending a proposed application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada":[17] The test on an application for a stay pending leave to appeal is well-established. The moving party must demonstrate:. a serious issue to be adjudicated on appeal;
. that it will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted;
. that the balance of convenience favours granting a stay: Yaiguaje v. Chevron Corporation, 2014 ONCA 40, 35 O.A.C. 109, at para. 3; RJR-MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), 1994 CanLII 117 (SCC), [1994] 1 S.C.R. 311, at p. 334. [18] However, these three factors are not watertight compartments: the strength of one may compensate for the weakness of another. The overarching consideration is whether the interests of justice call for a stay: Circuit World Corp. v. Lesperance (1997), 1997 CanLII 1385 (ON CA), 33 O.R. (3d) 674 (C.A.), at p. 677.
[19] Under s. 65.1(2) of the Supreme Court Act, or by analogy to that provision, the court may grant a stay prior to a leave application being filed if satisfied that the party seeking the stay intends to apply for leave to appeal and that delay would result in a miscarriage of justice.
....
[24] Although ordinarily the threshold for establishing a serious issue to be adjudicated is low, the criteria for granting leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canda add another dimension to the test: BTR Global Opportunity Trading Ltd. v. RBC Dexia Investor Services Trust, 2011 ONCA 620, 283 O.A.C. 321, at para. 16.
[25] Under s. 40(1) of the Supreme Court Act, leave may be granted where any question involved is one that ought to be decided by the Supreme Court by reason of its public importance, or the importance of any issue of law or any issue of mixed fact and law, or for any other reason of such a nature and significance as to warrant a decision by the Supreme Court.
[26] The stay test requires that a judge hearing a stay motion pending a Supreme Court leave application consider not only whether the proposed appeal raises a serious issue to be adjudicated under RJR-MacDonald. The judge must also consider the factors in s. 40(1) and assess whether there is some merit in the leave application: Yaiguaje, at para. 4.
....
(4) Should a stay be granted before the Crown’s leave application is filed?
[36] As we have said, given that this motion was unopposed, even if the implied power of this court to control its own process, discussed above, does not extend to permitting this court to grant a stay of the publication ban decision or to do so prior to the Crown filing its leave application, we would permit the Crown to amend its notice of motion and rely on s. 65.1 of the Supreme Court Act.
[37] Under s. 65.1(2) of the Supreme Court Act, or by analogy to that provision, the court may grant a stay prior to a leave application being filed if satisfied that the party seeking the stay intends to apply for leave to appeal and that delay would result in a miscarriage of justice.
[38] We accept the Crown’s assertion on this motion that it intends to seek leave to appeal both the substantive decision and the publication ban decision to the Supreme Court of Canada. For the same reasons that we conclude the partial stay requested should be granted, we are satisfied that delaying doing so until the leave application is filed and allowing the substantive decision to be published in the interim could result in a miscarriage of justice. . Birhane v. Medhanie Alem Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church
In Birhane v. Medhanie Alem Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church (Ont CA, 2024) the Ontario Court of Appeal dismissed a 'stay pending leave to appeal to the SCC' motion:[2] The test for a stay pending appeal is well established. The applicant must show:1. there is a serious issue to be adjudicated on its proposed appeal;
2. it will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and
3. the balance of convenience favours granting the stay. [3] For a stay pending appeal to the Supreme Court, the first requirement, that there is a serious issue to be adjudicated, must be assessed in light of the Court’s stringent leave criteria. The governing principles were set out in BTR Global Opportunity Trading Ltd. v. RBC Dexia Investor Services Trust, 2011 ONCA 620, 283 O.A.C. 321, at paras. 18-19:
18 Ordinarily, the threshold for showing a serious issue to be adjudicated is low. However, the criteria for granting leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada add another layer to this component of the test. Under s. 40(1) of the Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26, the Supreme Court of Canada typically grants leave to appeal only in cases of public or national importance. Thus, a provincial appellate court judge hearing a motion for stay pending leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada must take account of the stringent leave requirements in the Supreme Court Act: see Merck & Co. v. Nu-Pharm Inc. (2000), 2000 CanLII 15240 (FCA), 5 C.P.R. (4th) 417 (F.C.A.) and Ontario Public Service Employees Union v. Ontario (A.G.) (2002), 2002 CanLII 44918 (ON CA), 158 O.A.C. 113.
19 The Supreme Court of Canada itself decides when leave should be granted and does not give reasons for doing so. As Rothstein J.A. noted in Merck, this puts provincial appellate court judges in a “somewhat awkward position.” Nonetheless, the stay test requires that I make some preliminary assessment of the merit of the leave motion.
[4] These principles have been followed consistently by this court: see e.g., Iroquois Falls Power Corp. v. Ontario Electricity Financial Corp., 2016 ONCA 616, at para. 16; Alectra Utilities Corp. v. Solar Power Network Inc., 2019 ONCA 332, at para. 10; Sase Aggregate Ltd. v. Langdon, 2023 ONCA 644, at para. 13. . Sase Aggregate Ltd. v. Langdon,
In Sase Aggregate Ltd. v. Langdon, (Ont CA, 2023) the Court of Appeal considered a stay pending appeal (to the Supreme Court of Canada) motion:(1) Motion to stay pending leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada
[7] Pursuant to s. 65.1 (1) of the Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26 (the “SCA”), a judge or panel of the Court of Appeal may hear a motion to stay a judgment of the Court of Appeal pending leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. Section 65.1(2) permits the court to hear the stay motion before the serving and filing of the notice of application for leave to appeal if the court is satisfied that the party seeking the stay intends to apply for leave to appeal and that delay would result in a miscarriage of justice. . Sutton v. Sutton
In Sutton v. Sutton (Ont CA, 2023) the Court of Appeal considered the test for stay pending appeal, here to the Supreme Court of Canada:B. The Governing Principles
[6] The governing principles are set in numerous cases. Laskin J.A. described the test for a stay pending appeal in BTR Global Opportunity Trading Ltd. v. RBC Dexia Investor Services Trust, 2011 ONCA 620, 283 O.A.C. 321, at para. 16,:The moving party ... must show that it has raised a serious issue to be adjudicated, that it will suffer irreparable harm if a stay is not granted, and that the balance of convenience favours a stay. These three components of the test are interrelated in the sense that the overriding question is whether the moving party has shown that it is in the interests of justice to grant a stay. [7] The “serious issue” factor is modified when the party is seeking a stay of a decision pending an application for leave to appeal under the Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26, s. 65.1: Livent Inc. v. Deloitte & Touche, 2016 ONCA 395, 131 O.R. (3d) 784, at para. 7.
[8] Justice Gillese explained that the application judge “must make a preliminary assessment of the merit of the leave application, taking into consideration the stringent leave requirements in the Supreme Court Act”: Iroquois Falls Power Corporation v. Ontario Electricity Financial Corporation, 2016 ONCA 616, aff'd 2016 ONCA 687, at para. 17.
[9] Justice Paciocco J.A. noted: “Since the Supreme Court of Canada typically grants leave only in cases of public or national importance, an application judge must consider whether these considerations are apt to be met”: Alectra Utilities Corp. v. Solar Power Network Inc., 2019 ONCA 332, 145 O.R. (3d) 794, at para. 12. He added, at para. 13: “To be sure, the threshold on both the merits and the national or public importance considerations remains low”, citing Livent Inc., at paras. 8-9. In his view, which I adopt, a low likelihood that the Supreme Court will grant leave “will militate against the imposition of a stay”: at para. 13. . Ernst & Young Inc. v. Aquino
In Ernst & Young Inc. v. Aquino (Ont CA, 2022) the Court of Appeal considered a motion to stay pending leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada:[4] This motion is brought under s. 65.1(1) of the Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26, which provides:The Court, the court appealed from or a judge of either of those courts may, on the request of the party who has served and filed a notice of application for leave to appeal, order that proceedings be stayed with respect to the judgment from which leave to appeal is being sought, on the terms deemed appropriate. [5] Initially, the moving parties moved for a stay of the judgments pending the disposition not only of their leave application, but also, if granted leave, of their appeal to the Supreme Court. At the outset of the hearing of the motion, however, the moving parties’ counsel confirmed that the order sought at this stage is confined to a stay of the judgments pending the disposition of their leave application. The moving parties indicated that their leave application was served and filed with the Supreme Court on April 21, 2022.
[6] The test is set out at para. 15 of Ting (Re), 2019 ONCA 768, 73 C.B.R. (6th) 1, as follows:The test for granting a stay pending an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada is well-established. The moving party must demonstrate that: (i) there is a serious issue to be adjudicated on its proposed appeal, including that the appeal raises an issue of public or national importance; (ii) it will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and (iii) the balance of convenience favours granting the stay. These three components are interrelated in that the overriding question is whether the moving party has shown that it is in the interests of justice that the court grant a stay. [Citations omitted.] . N. v F.
In N. v F. (Ont CA, 2021) the Court of Appeal noted they can consider staying their order where a notice of leave to appeal to the SCC has not yet been filed, but they believe it will be:A. Stays Prior to the filing of Leave Applications
[20] A judge of the appeal court, whose order is being appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, is authorized by s. 65.1(1) of the Supreme Court Act to order that the proceedings be stayed with respect to the judgment from which leave to appeal is sought, on the terms deemed appropriate. This authority may be exercised by a judge before the proposed appellant has served and filed a notice of leave to appeal “if satisfied that the party seeking the stay intends to apply for leave to appeal and that delay would result in a miscarriage of justice”: Supreme Court Act, s. 65.1(2). . Yaiguaje v. Chevron Corporation
In Yaiguaje v. Chevron Corporation (Ont CA, 2014) the Court of Appeal reviewed the law applicable to the granting of a stay of a civil order pending appeal [for the reasons for the order see Yaiguaje v Chevron Corporation (Ont CA, 2013)]. As can be seen the criteria for stays largely maps those for interlocutory injunctions:[3] In RJR-MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), 1994 CanLII 117 (SCC), [1994] 1 S.C.R. 311, at p. 334, the Supreme Court of Canada articulated a three-part test for obtaining a stay of a judgment pending appeal: (1) is there a serious question to be tried (i.e., to be determined on the appeal); (2) will the moving party suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and (3) does the balance of convenience favour granting the stay?
(1) Serious question
[4] In Ontario, as well as in other jurisdictions, this component of the RJR-MacDonald test has been modified in the context of stays pending leave to appeal applications to the Supreme Court of Canada. This court, and other appellate courts, have held that a judge hearing a stay motion must engage not only in an assessment of the merits of the proposed appeal (i.e., is there a serious issue to be determined); in addition, the judge must consider the factors in s. 40(1) of the SCA and assess whether there is some merit in the leave application, and especially whether the appeal raises an issue of public importance.
[5] As explained by Laskin J.A. in BTR Global Opportunity Trading Limited v. RBC Dexia Investor Services Trust, 2011 ONCA 620 (CanLII), 2011 ONCA 620, 283 O.A.C. 321, at paras. 18 and 19:Ordinarily, the threshold for showing a serious issue to be adjudicated is low. However, the criteria for granting leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada add another layer to this component of the test. Under s. 40(1) of the Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26, the Supreme Court of Canada typically grants leave to appeal only in cases of public or national importance. Thus, a provincial appellate court judge hearing a motion for stay pending leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada must take account of the stringent leave requirements in the Supreme Court Act: see Merck & Co. v. Nu-Pharm Inc. 2000 CanLII 15240 (FCA), (2000), 5 C.P.R. (4th) 417 (F.C.A.) and Ontario Public Service Employees Union v. Ontario (A.G.) 2002 CanLII 44918 (ON CA), (2002), 158 O.A.C. 113.
The Supreme Court of Canada itself decides when leave should be granted and does not give reasons for doing so. As Rothstein J.A. noted in Merck, this puts provincial appellate court judges in a “somewhat awkward position.” Nonetheless, the stay test requires that I make some preliminary assessment of the merit of the leave motion. [6] I have no hesitation in concluding that the moving parties have established both branches of the serious question component of the test.
[7] The proposed appeals raise at least three serious questions: (1) the proper test to determine the jurisdiction of a provincial superior court to hear and determine an action for recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment; (2) the test for jurisdiction of a provincial superior court when faced with a claim to recognize and enforce a foreign judgment against a non-party to the foreign judgment; and (3) potentially, consideration of the role of a corporate veil-piercing analysis with respect to related corporations in the context of the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment against a corporate defendant.
[8] I also conclude that these legal questions easily meet the public importance component of s. 40(1) of the SCA. They raise significant legal issues that lie at the heart of private international law.
(2) Irreparable harm
[9] The moving parties assert that they will suffer irreparable harm in two respects if a stay is not granted.
[10] First, the moving parties submit that, without a stay, they will be forced to choose between risking attornment to the jurisdiction of the Ontario court by filing a defence by January 16, 2014 or being noted in default and subjected to default proceedings, either of which would irreparably harm their proposed appeals by rendering them moot.
[11] I do not accept this submission. This court has stated that where a court order requires a party to file a defence, compliance with the order, including related conduct of depositions and discoveries, does not constitute attornment in the face of an ongoing jurisdictional challenge: see Van Damme v. Gelber, 2013 ONCA 388 (CanLII), 2013 ONCA 388, 115 O.R. (3d) 470, at para. 23. Moreover, and importantly, the responding parties have explicitly stated in their factum (para. 28) that if the moving parties simply provide them with their statements of defence (without formally filing them), “the respondents are content to receive the same, without prejudice to the Chevron companies Leave to Appeal Applications and will not claim that by doing so they have attorned to the jurisdiction of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice.” See BTR Global, at para. 31. I see no reason not to accept and respect this undertaking.
[12] Second, the moving parties contend that, without a stay, if the costs ordered by this court are paid to the ex juris plaintiffs who are resident in Ecuador, there is no assurance they will be returned if leave to appeal is granted and the appeal succeeds.
[13] In a case that has lasted 20 years in several countries and continents, where the existing judgment in question is for $9.51 billion, and where Chevron has been represented by excellent commercial litigators in those countries, I find this submission surprising. The costs award of this court is for $100,000, a small amount against the backdrop of the reality of this uber-expensive, worldwide litigation. In any event, my assumption is that all parties in this litigation, be they Chevron or Ecuadorian villagers, will respect final costs orders of the relevant Canadian court, especially the Supreme Court of Canada.
[14] Nonetheless, as noted in RJR-MacDonald, at p. 341,“Irreparable” refers to the nature of the harm suffered rather than its magnitude. It is harm which either cannot be quantified in monetary terms or which cannot be cured, usually because one party cannot collect damages from the other…. The fact that one party may be impecunious does not automatically determine the application in favour of the other party who will not ultimately be able to collect damages, although it may be a relevant consideration. [15] While the prospect of the moving parties permanently losing the costs awarded by this court after succeeding on appeal may not represent a serious harm, it may reflect an irreparable harm as that term is defined in RJR-MacDonald.
[16] In conclusion, the moving parties have made a very weak showing that they will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted.
(3) Balance of convenience
[17] The third branch of the test concerns the balance of convenience as between the parties, including which of the parties will suffer the greater harm from the stay being granted or refused: see RJR-MacDonald, at p. 342.
[18] In my view, the balance of convenience favours the moving parties. The jurisdictional issue they raise is a serious one that deserves to be resolved before they are forced to take steps to mount a substantive defence in the Ontario action. The moving parties have moved expeditiously to file their leave applications in the Supreme Court of Canada; they did so in less than half the 60-day period allowed by the SCA. In almost all cases, the Supreme Court of Canada disposes of leave applications in a timely fashion, approximately three to four months. Accordingly, it is likely that these applications for leave will be determined by late spring. Obviously, if the Supreme Court of Canada grants leave, there would be no point in any of the parties taking further steps in the Ontario action until the jurisdiction issue is resolved by that court. Alternatively, if the Supreme Court of Canada denies leave, the Ontario action can proceed on the merits, with only a few months’ pause awaiting that court’s decision. . Grasshopper Solar Corporation v. Independent Electricity System Operator
In Grasshopper Solar Corporation v. Independent Electricity System Operator (Ont CA, 2020) the Court of Appeal considered the test for a stay pending appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada:The Test for Granting a Stay
[10] The applicants apply under s. 65.1 of the Supreme Court Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26. That section empowers the Supreme Court, the court of appeal, or a judge of either court, to stay proceedings with respect to the judgment from which leave to appeal is sought “on terms deemed appropriate.” The power is broad. In RJR-MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), 1994 CanLII 117 (SCC), [1994] 1 S.C.R. 311, Sopinka and Cory JJ. held, at p. 329:We are of the view that the Court is empowered, pursuant to both s. 65.1 and r. 27, not only to grant a stay of execution and of proceedings in the traditional sense, but also to make any order that preserves matters between the parties in a state that will prevent prejudice as far as possible pending resolution by the Court of the controversy, so as to enable the Court to render a meaningful and effective judgment. [11] In Livent Inc. v. Deloitte & Touche, 2016 ONCA 395, 131 O.R. (3d) 784, at paras. 4-5, Strathy C.J.O. set out the test for a stay of proceedings pending an application for leave to the Supreme Court. In deciding this kind of motion, the court must consider the following factors: (1) whether there is a serious question to be determined on the proposed appeal; (2) whether the moving party will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and (3) whether the balance of convenience favours a stay. These factors are not to be treated as silos; strength on one factor may compensate for weakness on another: Livent Inc., at para. 5. The “overriding question is whether the moving party has shown that it is in the interests of justice to grant a stay”: BTR Global Opportunity Trading Limited v. RBC Dexia Investor Services Trust, 2011 ONCA 620, 283 O.A.C. 321, at para. 16. See also Donovan v. Sherman Estate, 2019 ONCA 465, at para. 8.
....
[17] My focus is on whether there is arguable merit in the application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. While this task is somewhat different, it is no easier. It is challenging to predict how another court will react to the presentation of legal issues. This is especially the case in the broader framework set out under s. 40(1) of the Supreme Court Act, which requires the proposed appeal to raise an issue of public or national importance. And as my colleague van Rensburg J.A. observed in Donovan, at para. 13, leave to appeal would appear to be granted “sparingly” in civil matters. . Iroquois Falls Power Corporation v. Ontario Electricity Financial Corporation
In Iroquois Falls Power Corporation v. Ontario Electricity Financial Corporation (Ont CA, 2016) the Court of Appeal restates the test for granting a stay pending appeal as follows:[14] The test for a stay pending appeal, including a motion for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, is well-established. For OEFC to obtain a stay pending the outcome of its leave application, it must establish the following:a) there is a serious issue to be adjudicated on its proposed appeal;
b) it will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and
c) the balance of convenience favours granting the stay. [15] These three components are interrelated in that the overriding question is whether the moving party has shown that it is in the interests of justice that the court grant a stay: see BTR Global Opportunity Trading Ltd. v. RBC Dexia Investor Services Trust, 2011 ONCA 620 (CanLII), 283 O.A.C. 321, at para. 16. . Cora Franchise Group Inc. v. Watters
In Cora Franchise Group Inc. v. Watters (Ont CA, 2017) the Court of Appeal states the test for granting a stay of it's own ruling pending the outcome of an application for Leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada:[8] The test for granting a stay pending an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada is well-established. The moving party must demonstrate that: (i) there is a serious issue to be adjudicated on its proposed appeal, including that the appeal raises an issue of public or national importance; (ii) it will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and (iii) the balance of convenience favours granting the stay. These three components are interrelated in that the overriding question is whether the moving party has shown that it is in the interests of justice that the court grant a stay: Iroquois Falls Power Corp. v. Ontario Electricity Financial Corp., 2016 ONCA 616 (CanLII), at paras. 14 and 15; Livent Inc. (Receiver of) v. Deloitte & Touche, 2016 ONCA 395 (CanLII), 131 O.R. (3d) 784, at para. 7. . Ting (Re)
In Ting (Re) (Ont CA, 2019) the Court of Appeal set out the test for staying it's own judgment pending an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada:[15] The test for granting a stay pending an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada is well-established. The moving party must demonstrate that: (i) there is a serious issue to be adjudicated on its proposed appeal, including that the appeal raises an issue of public or national importance; (ii) it will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and (iii) the balance of convenience favours granting the stay. These three components are interrelated in that the overriding question is whether the moving party has shown that it is in the interests of justice that the court grant a stay: Iroquois Falls Power Corporation v. Ontario Electricity Financial Corporation, 2016 ONCA 616 (CanLII), at paras. 14 and 15; Livent Inc. v. Deloitte & Touche, 2016 ONCA 395 (CanLII), 131 O.R. (3d) 784, at para. 7. . Donovan v. Sherman Estate
In Donovan v. Sherman Estate (Ont CA, 2019) the Court of Appeal considered granting a stay of it's order pending a party filing a motion for leave to appeal before the Supreme Court of Canada:[8] The test on a motion for a stay of an order of this court pending an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, was set out by Strathy C.J.O. in Livent Inc. v. Deloitte & Touche, 2016 ONCA 395 (CanLII), 131 O.R. (3d) 784 (in Chambers), at paras. 4-5. The factors to be considered are: (1) whether there is a serious question to be determined; (2) whether the moving party will suffer irreparable harm if the stay is not granted; and (3) whether the balance of convenience favours a stay. The factors are not to be treated as watertight compartments and the strength of one factor may compensate for weaknesses of another. The overarching consideration is whether the interests of justice call for a stay. See also BTR Global Opportunity Trading Limited v. RBC Dexia Investor Services Trust, 2011 ONCA 620 (CanLII), 283 O.A.C. 321 (in Chambers), at para. 16.
|
