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Contracts - Franchise. Spina v. Shoppers Drug Mart Inc.
In Spina v. Shoppers Drug Mart Inc. (Ont CA, 2024) the Ontario Court of Appeal considered class action franchise appeals (direct and cross) from summary judgment decisions.
Here the court notes a statutory 'good faith' duty on franchise contractors:[172] The 2002 Agreement is also subject to s. 3 of the Arthur Wishart Act (Franchise Disclosure), 2000, S.O., 2000, c. 3, which sets out a statutory duty of fair dealing and good faith in the performance and enforcement of franchise agreements. ... . Royal Bank of Canada v. Everest Group Inc.
In Royal Bank of Canada v. Everest Group Inc. (Ont CA, 2024) the Ontario Court of Appeal dismissed an appeal of franchise-related rescission actions.
Here the court considered whether certain parties qualified as the franchisor's 'associates':[13] Finally, the trial judge explained why she found that Ms. Graham and Paramount Leasing were franchisor’s associates, as defined in the Wishart Act. With respect to Ms. Graham, although she did not have the authority to approve the grant of a franchise, the trial judge found that her responsibilities amounted to being “involved in reviewing or approving the grant of the franchise.” These responsibilities included: (a) the initial vetting of prospective new franchisees; (b) evaluating prospective franchisees’ experience in the food services industry and noting red flags; (c) advising the principals of the results of her review, including outstanding debts; (d) undertaking initial meetings with prospective franchisees; and (e) briefing the principals on those meetings. Ms. Graham may not have been a director or officer, but neither was she a clerical or junior employee. She performed a significant role in the process of reviewing the applications, exercising professional judgment, and advising the ultimate decision-makers. We find no issue with the trial judge’s analysis.
[14] Similarly, we do not agree that the trial judge erred in finding Paramount Leasing was also a franchisor’s associate. As the trial judge amply explained, Paramount Leasing exercised significant operational control over the franchisees, and was owed a continuing financial obligation in respect of the franchise, satisfying the statutory definition of franchisor’s associate. As noted by the trial judge, Paramount Leasing had the power to terminate the franchisee’s lease for breach of the franchise agreement. These findings were supported by the evidence before the trial judge and were open to her. . Royal Bank of Canada v. Everest Group Inc.
In Royal Bank of Canada v. Everest Group Inc. (Ont CA, 2024) the Ontario Court of Appeal dismissed an appeal of franchise-related rescission actions.
The court holds that the party claiming rescission bears the onus of proving it, here "where a franchisee primarily bases its claim for rescission on deficiencies in the franchise disclosure document":[4] First, the burden of proving that the franchisee is entitled to rescission and statutory compensation falls squarely on the franchisee, as it would for any claimant. As this court stated in Raibex Canada Ltd. v. ASWR Franchising Corp., 2018 ONCA 62, 419 D.L.R. (4th) 53, at para. 40, to justify rescission in circumstances where a franchisee primarily bases its claim for rescission on deficiencies in the franchise disclosure document (“FDD”), “the Franchisee must not only demonstrate that the FDD was deficient, but also show that it was so deficient that the Franchisor effectively ‘never provided [a] disclosure document.’” The trial judge stated and applied the law correctly.
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[11] Second, the trial judge made no error in finding that the franchisor’s termination of the franchise agreement because of a franchisee’s breach does not preclude the franchisee from exercising the statutory right to rescind the franchise agreement. The Wishart Act does not make the exercise of the s. 6 right of rescission conditional on non-termination. As a matter of principle, this makes sense. The lawful termination of a contract for breach absolves the non-breaching party from performing future obligations under the contract, but it does not render the contract void ab initio: see e.g., Pickering Square Inc. v. Trillium College Inc., 2016 ONCA 179, 395 D.L.R. (4th) 679, at paras. 28-29. Where the franchisor fails to meet its disclosure obligations to the franchisee, the franchisee is entitled to rescind the franchise agreement pursuant to the Wishart Act. The franchisor cannot negate the franchisee’s statutory right to rescind by pre-emptively terminating the agreement, even where there has been a breach by the franchisee. . 2483038 Ontario Inc. v. 2082100 Ontario Inc.
In 2483038 Ontario Inc. v. 2082100 Ontario Inc. (Ont CA, 2022) the Court of Appeal considers some aspects of the Arthur Wishart Act, including personal liability of a "franchisor's associate":[10] The trial judge considered this court’s jurisprudence stating that a failure to provide the required disclosure may be established where the financial disclosure documents are so deficient as to effectively amount to a complete lack of disclosure: Raibex Canada Ltd. v. ASWR Franchising Corp., 2018 ONCA 62, 419 D.L.R. (4th) 53; 6792341 Canada Inc. v. Dollar It Limited, 2009 ONCA 385, 95 O.R. (3d) 291. The trial judge also cited jurisprudence finding that the absence of a signed and dated certificate in the financial disclosure documents is a fatal flaw: Sovereignty Investment Holdings, Inc. v. 9127-6907 Quebec Inc. (2008), 2008 CanLII 57450 (ON SC), 303 D.L.R. 4th) 515 (Ont. S.C.); Hi Hotel Limited Partnership v. Holiday Hospitality Franchising Inc., 2008 ABCA 276, 296 D.L.R. (4th) 335.
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(1) Failure to certify financial disclosure documents and recission
[17] Section 5 of the Wishart Act requires franchisors to provide prospective franchisees with a disclosure document containing specified information and documents. It requires the information and documents to be accurate, clear, and concise. Section 6(2) of the Wishart Act permits a franchisee to rescind a franchise agreement without penalty or obligation “if the franchisor never provided the disclosure document.” Section 7 of the regulation under the Wishart Act mandates the inclusion of a certificate, signed and dated by specified persons, certifying the accuracy and completeness of the financial disclosure documents.
[18] The main issue in this appeal is whether the failure to certify the financial disclosure documents is enough for a court to find that there was substantially no disclosure such that recission is possible within two years.
[19] The short answer is yes. The trial judge was correct in both her analysis and conclusion.
[20] I see no error in the trial judge’s interpretation and application of the informed investment test. I agree with the trial judge’s finding that deficiencies in disclosure documents can be fatal. The trial judge here clearly considered this court’s guidance in the applicable jurisprudence and was alive to all the relevant facts.
[21] The trial judge was correct in her conclusion that this court’s decision in Raibex does not import the requirement of an inability to make an “informed investment” into the defective certificate analysis. I agree with the trial judge that requiring a franchisee to demonstrate they were unable to make an informed investment in a deficient certificate case would undermine one of the purposes of the Wishart Act. An important purpose of franchise disclosure certificates is that they attach personal liability to the signatories, which is intended to incentivize the signatories to ensure the contents of the disclosure documents are accurate. In this case, the trial judge found that this attachment of personal liability to signatories is a free-standing objective and is not tied to any impact on the recipient. I agree with this finding.
[22] At trial, Mr. Davis testified that his team inserted the page four signature page into the financial disclosure documents. The trial judge found that this indicates that the signature did not serve the policy objective of impressing upon him the importance of ensuring the entire document was complete and accurate. I agree.
[23] She also found that the financial disclosure documents did not contain the signed and dated disclosure certificate required by s. 7 of the regulation and that there is nothing to suggest that Mr. Davis’s signature on page four applies to anything beyond that page. I see no palpable and overriding error in these findings; as such, they are owed deference by this court.
[24] I also agree with the conclusion of the trial judge that the absence of the certificate is a fatal flaw in the disclosure. Therefore, the franchisees had a right to rescind the franchise agreement without penalty under s. 6(2) of the Wishart Act and did so lawfully.
[25] Lastly, I also note that this court reached the same conclusions in 2619506 Ontario Inc. v. 2082100 Ontario Inc., 2021 ONCA 702, a case very similar to the one under appeal.
(2) Franchisor’s associate
[26] The Wishart Act contains the following definition of a “franchisor’s associate”:“franchisor’s associate” means a person,
(a) who, directly or indirectly,
(i) controls or is controlled by the franchisor, or
(ii) is controlled by another person who also controls, directly or indirectly, the franchisor, and
(b) who,
(i) is directly involved in the grant of the franchise,
(A) by being involved in reviewing or approving the grant of the franchise, or
(B) by making representations to the prospective franchisee on behalf of the franchisor for the purpose of granting the franchise, marketing the franchise or otherwise offering to grant the franchise, or
(ii) exercises significant operational control over the franchisee and to whom the franchisee has a continuing financial obligation in respect of the franchise[.] [27] Both the appellants and respondents agree that Mr. Davis, as the sole director and shareholder, had control over the franchisor, and therefore meets the first step of the “franchisor’s associate” test under the Wishart Act. The question then becomes whether Mr. Davis was directly involved in the granting of the franchise or was someone who exercised operational control over the franchisee and was owed a continuing financial obligation regarding the franchise.
[28] The trial judge made findings of fact based on the evidentiary record that the statements made at pages two to four of the disclosure documents were “representations” for the purpose of granting, marketing, or offering to grant the franchise. These findings of fact were open to the trial judge and therefore are entitled to deference. Mr. Davis also gave sworn testimony that he intended to be personally liable for his signature on page four. Based on these facts, Mr. Davis was directly involved in the grant of the franchise under clause (b)(i)(B).
[29] I am also unconvinced by the appellants’ reading of the statute. The appellants contend that the concept of direct involvement in s. 1(b)(i) modifies ss. 1(b)(i)(A) and 1(b)(i)(B). For example, section 1(b)(i)(B) would read as follows:“franchisor’s associate” means a person,
(b) who,
(i) is directly involved in the grant of the franchise,
(B) by making [direct] representations to the prospective franchisee on behalf of the franchisor for the purpose of granting the franchise, marketing the franchise or otherwise offering to grant the franchise…. [30] The appellants’ proposed reading of the statute would contravene established principles of statutory interpretation. As Professor Ruth Sullivan has written, “[t]he starting point of every interpretative exercise is determining the ‘ordinary meaning’ of the text. This is what Driedger means when he says the words of an Act are to be read in their ordinary, grammatical sense”: Ruth Sullivan, Statutory Interpretation, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2016), at p. 59. It is presumed that the legislature’s “choice of words, word order, and structure and its sequencing of material are careful and orderly, with an accurate appreciation of the impact on meaning”: Sullivan, at p. 129.
[31] In interpreting the Wishart Act, this court has emphasized the need to defer to the legislature’s wording. Analyzing s. 6 of the Wishart Act, for example, this court held that “a fair interpretation of the Act is one that balances the rights of both franchisees and franchisors. To read in the remedy that the appellant is proposing is inconsistent with such an interpretation and was clearly not within the contemplation of the legislature”: 4287975 Canada Inc. v. Imvescor Restaurants Inc., 2009 ONCA 308, 98 O.R. (3d) 187, at para. 40.
[32] The appellants advance a strained and unnatural reading of s. 1. Simply put, the legislature would have inserted the word “direct” into s. 1(b)(i)(B) if it had intended to import the concept of direct involvement into that provision and thereby limit the application of the subsection. I do not agree with the appellants that an alternate meaning should be imputed, contrary to the contemplation of the legislature.
[33] In any event, the representations were made directly to the franchisee parties because Mr. Davis reviewed the disclosure documents, permitted his signature to be applied after the statements he wrote at pages two to four, and knew that this package would be provided to prospective franchisees. . 2611707 Ontario Inc. v. Freshly Squeezed Franchise
In 2611707 Ontario Inc. v. Freshly Squeezed Franchise (Ont CA, 2022) the Court of Appeal considered the rescission of a franchise agreement under the Arthur Wishart Act [s.6(2)]:[1] The respondent franchisees successfully applied to rescind a franchise agreement with the appellant franchisors. The application judge concluded that the appellants provided a materially deficient franchise disclosure document (“FDD”). Accordingly, the respondents could validly rescind the franchise agreement under section 6(2) of the Arthur Wishart Act (Franchise Disclosure), 2000, S.O. 2000, c. 3, because they had entered into the agreement without the ability to make a properly informed investment decision.
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[9] The central question in this appeal is whether the franchise agreement was validly rescinded. To justify a rescission under s. 6(2) of the Act, the franchisor’s FDD must be “so deficient as to effectively amount to a complete lack of disclosure”: Raibex Canada Ltd. v. ASWR Franchising Corp., 2018 ONCA 62, 419 D.L.R. (4th) 53, at para. 47 (emphasis in original).
[10] Not every franchisee receiving imperfect disclosure will be able to validly rescind its agreement. Section 6(2) is engaged only where the deficient disclosure prevents the franchisee from making an informed decision about whether or not to invest in the franchise. Such materially deficient disclosure is treated as non-disclosure pursuant to s. 6(2) of the Act as interpreted by the case law: Raibex, at para. 49.
[11] Before this court, the appellants argue that the application judge erred in her conclusion on all three instances of non-disclosure. The heart of their appeal, however, is their submission that the application judge erred in law by failing to apply a subjective test to the question of whether the information provided impaired the franchisee’s ability to make an informed decision. They submit that the test for a valid rescission requires evidence that the material deficiencies genuinely impaired the particular franchisee’s ability to make an informed investment.
[12] The appellants say that the application judge correctly noted that the franchisee must show that the disclosure was so deficient that it was tantamount to non-disclosure. However, having recognized this onus, she erroneously determined that the respondents did not need to submit evidence of actual impairment of its ability to make informed decisions. They urge this court to set aside all three of the application judge’s findings of material non-disclosure.
[13] We disagree. In Mendoza v. Active Tire & Auto Inc., 2017 ONCA 471, 414 D.L.R. (4th) 676, leave to appeal refused, [2017] S.C.C.A. No. 405, this court affirmed the objective nature of the test for a valid rescission. There, Feldman J.A. wrote, at para. 26, that a franchisor’s “obligations do not change depending on the actions or reactions of a particular franchisee.” The s. 6(2) test focuses on the disclosure itself, not its recipient, because the Act seeks to ensure that the franchisor provides the same disclosure to every potential franchisee.
[14] Accordingly, the application judge did not err in determining that the respondents had met the test for a valid rescission without evidence of actual impairment.
[15] Moreover, we do not agree with the submission of the appellants that the application judge erred by finding that the disclosure deficiencies justified rescission in this case. Having applied the correct test, her determination that the deficiencies were material is entitled to deference absent palpable and overriding error.
[16] First, the application judge determined that the appellants’ failure to include the notes to the financial statement was a material deficiency. These notes were necessary to allow the respondents to assess the financial health of the franchise system. For example, the financial statement referenced notes concerning accounts receivables and customer’s deposits. The former represents about 73% of the appellants’ assets while the latter amounted to 60% of their liabilities. We see no error in the application judge’s conclusion on this point.
[17] Nor can we identify an error in the application judge’s finding that the appellants’ failure to disclose a negotiated agreement to lease and the absence of a head lease prevented the respondents from making an informed investment. In particular, the respondents were not advised that the landlord could terminate the head lease without compensation if the decision was made to demolish or redevelop the franchise’s location.
[18] Further, the franchise agreement did not permit the respondents to back out of the lease should its terms be unacceptable. We see no error in the application judge’s finding that the appellants’ failure to disclose their negotiated agreement to lease and the absence of a headlease obscured the respondents’ degree of risk and, therefore, prevented an informed investment.
[19] Finally, the application judge concluded that the appellants failed to disclose that the franchise was the first to be located outside of a mall, and that this failure rendered the FDD essentially worthless.
[20] The respondents could arguably have determined that the franchise was the first in a non-mall setting based on the information they had received. However, the Act imposes an obligation on the franchisor, not the franchisee. The appellants were duty-bound to inform the respondents that they were essentially test-driving the franchise in a non-mall setting. Their failure to do so caused the respondents to unknowingly invest in a business model with no track record of success. We see no error on the part of the application judge on this point.
[21] Consequently, we see no basis to interfere with the application judge’s analysis. Even in light of the high threshold for rescission under s. 6(2) of the Act, the application judge made the necessary findings of fact, applied the correct test, and reached a determination amply available on this record. . 2619506 Ontario Inc., v. 2082100 Ontario Inc.
In 2619506 Ontario Inc., v. 2082100 Ontario Inc. (Ont CA, 2021) the Court of Appeal considered whether statutory disclosure had been met in this franchise situation:[3] The appellants raise two main grounds of appeal. First, they argue that the motion judge misapplied the “informed investment decision test” in finding that the deficiencies in the disclosure document amounted to absence of disclosure, thus allowing rescission pursuant to s. 6(2) of the Act within two years. In particular, they argue that Raibex Canada Ltd. v. ASWR Franchising Corp., 2018 ONCA 62, 419 D.L.R. (4th) 53 obliged her to conduct a more detailed analysis of whether a potential franchisee is able to make a properly informed investment decision. The motion judge’s failure to do so constituted a reversible error of law.
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[7] In applying the informed investor test, the motion judge considered both the purpose of the Act and the evolution of the test. She began by observing that this court has repeatedly emphasized that the Act is intended to redress the imbalance of power between franchisors and franchisees and that it does so by imposing rigorous disclosure obligations on franchisors, with strict penalties for non-compliance: Salah v. Timothy’s Coffees of the World Inc., 2010 ONCA 673, 268 O.A.C. 279, at para. 26; Mendoza v. Active Tire & Auto Inc., 2017 ONCA 471, 139 O.R. (3d) 230, at paras. 13, 26; 6792341 Canada Inc. v. Dollar It Limited, 2009 ONCA 385, 95 O.R. (3d) 291, at para. 13. She continued with the following statement:Two guiding principles have emerged from the Court of Appeal with respect to the interpretation of s. 6(2) in particular. The first is that non-compliance with s. 5 of the Act does not always provide sufficient grounds for rescission under s. 6(2). As set out in Raibex Canada Ltd. v. ASWR Franchising Corp., 2018 ONCA 62, at para. 46: “[a] franchisee that receives imperfect disclosure does not necessarily stand in the same position as a franchisee that was ‘never provided with a disclosure document.’ In Imvescor, at para. 73, this court warned that conflating those two scenarios would frustrate clear legislative intent….”
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