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Corporations - Resolutions. Pyxis Real Estate Equities Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General)
In Pyxis Real Estate Equities Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General) (Ont CA, 2025) the Ontario Court of Appeal allowed an appeal, here respecting 'rectification' of corporate resolutions for tax purposes (which, as here, apparently embody a non-contract agreement), not - as is typical with rectification - a contract:[1] The Attorney General of Canada appeals from the order of the application judge that granted rectification of certain corporate resolutions of the respondent. For the reasons that follow, I would allow the appeal.
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[8] The application judge granted the rectification of the corporation resolutions. He noted that the parties agreed on the test for rectification. It is set out in Canada (Attorney General) v. Fairmont Hotels Inc., 2016 SCC 56, [2016] 2 S.C.R. 720, where Brown J. said, at para. 38:To summarize, rectification is an equitable remedy designed to correct errors in the recording of terms in written legal instruments. Where the error is said to result from a mistake common to both or all parties to the agreement, rectification is available upon the court being satisfied that, on a balance of probabilities, there was a prior agreement whose terms are definite and ascertainable; that the agreement was still in effect at the time the instrument was executed; that the instrument fails to accurately record the agreement; and that the instrument, if rectified, would carry out the parties' prior agreement. ....
[11] The application judge then cited this court’s decision in 2484234 Ontario Inc. v. Hanley Park Developments Inc., 2020 ONCA 273, 150 O.R. (3d) 481 and relied on it for his conclusion that rectification was available in this case. He specifically referred to the decision as confirming that, if two interpretations of an agreement are possible, one of which would give business efficacy to the agreement and the other would defeat business efficacy, the former should be preferred.
Analysis
[12] In my view, the application judge erred in his approach to the test for rectification, and in using Hanley Park as authority for that approach. Hanley Park was factually distinct from the case here. It was particularly distinguishable in terms of what the prior agreement was. Also, the use of the equitable remedy of rectification in Hanley Park cannot be separated from the “unfair and unconscionable” conduct of one of the parties in that case: at para. 88. In addition, in this case, there is no lack of business efficacy in the corporate resolutions as executed. Lastly, I would note the introductory observation that Zarnett J.A. made in Hanley Park, at para. 2:Rectification is an equitable remedy available to correct a document that fails to accurately record the parties' true agreement. It is not available to correct an improvident bargain or to fill a gap in the parties' true agreement, even when the omission defeats what one (or both) of the parties was seeking to achieve. [13] In Fairmont Hotels, Brown J. directly addressed the situation that is before this court. Particularly apposite to this case are the following observations:While, therefore, a court may rectify an instrument which inaccurately records a party's agreement respecting what was to be done, it may not change the agreement in order to salvage what a party hoped to achieve. (at para. 3)
Alternatively put, rectification aligns the instrument with what the parties agreed to do, and not what, with the benefit of hindsight, they should have agreed to do. (at para. 19)
[T]he English Court of Appeal made clear that a mere intention to obtain a fiscal objective is insufficient to ground a claim in rectification: "... the court cannot rectify a document merely on the ground that it failed to achieve the grantor's fiscal objective…”. (at para. 22)
Rectification does not operate simply because an agreement failed to achieve an intended effect (here, tax neutrality) – irrespective of whether the intention to achieve that effect was "common" and "continuing". (at para. 30) [14] Also relevant to the issue raised on this appeal is the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Canada (Attorney General) v. Collins Family Trust, 2022 SCC 26, 471 D.L.R. (4th) 1, a decision also written by Brown J. The court made it clear in Collins Family Trust, if it was not already clear from its earlier decision in Fairmont Hotels, that the mere fact that a tax objective is not achieved by an agreed transaction is not a proper ground to grant rectification. Justice Brown said, at para. 22: “While a court may exercise its equitable jurisdiction to grant relief against mistakes in appropriate cases, it simply cannot do so to achieve the objective of avoiding an unintended tax liability.”
[15] I should note that, while the decision in Collins Family Trust was provided to the application judge, he did not make any reference to it in his reasons.
[16] I return to the factors set out in Fairmont Hotels respecting when rectification is properly granted. At its core, the test requires that the executed documents fail to accurately record the parties’ agreement. The agreement here was for a $1.4 million tax-free capital dividend to be paid. The corporate resolutions that were signed document the payment of that dividend. In other words, they accurately reflect the agreement. The fact that the agreement did not result in the intended fiscal objective of being tax-free, or tax neutral, is not a basis for granting rectification.
[17] The application judge concluded his reasons by remarking that, in his view, it would not be “equitable to impose an adverse tax consequence” because “an accountant made a careless error” in implementing an agreed upon structure. As the decisions in Fairmont Hotels and Collins Family Trust make clear, that is not a proper use of the equitable relief of rectification. It is also not consistent with the general principle that rectification is a form of equitable relief that is to be used “with great caution”: Fairmont Hotels, at para. 13.
[18] The corporate resolutions that were executed accurately reflect the agreed upon structure. The fact that there was a flaw in that structure does not affect the accuracy of the written documents. Rectification was not available in this case.
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