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Judicial ReviewStarting a Judicial Review- Overview
- Procedural Options
- Main Orders (Remedies)
- Adequate Alternative Remedy (Prematurity)
Substantive JR Law - Standard of Review (SOR)
- Public v. Private
- Common Grounds of JR
- Procedural Fairness
- Fresh Law
- Evidence on JR
- JR Perfection
- Parties to a JR
- Privative Clauses
Procedural JR Law - JR Limitations
- Motions on a JR
- Re-opening
Other Issues - Miscellaneous
Starting a Judicial Review
1. OVERVIEW
JR - Introduction
JR - Basics
JR - Discretion
JR - No Development of New Law in Judicial Review
2. PROCEDURAL OPTIONS
There are three procedural routes that an 'application for judicial review' may be effectively brought by. The first two - the primary s.6(1) JRPA Divisional Court route (the 'main option'), and the less-used s.6(2) JRPA Superior Court (the 'urgent option') - are, procedurally, 'applications' under the Rules of Civil Procedure (RCP). The term 'application' has a specific procedural meaning in the RCP, in contrast to what are called 'actions'. Actions are what you likely know as 'lawsuits', the most common civil proceedings - typically a lawsuit for damages in contract or tort.
A third option is the very little-used s.8 JRPA Superior Court 'damages' route (the 'JR-damage option'), which is commenced by an 'action' - although it may be converted to an application later.
An additional distinction to assist in clarifying this small mess is that the first two options (which are 'applications') all share the same JR-defining remedies, which are set out in the s.3 'Main Orders (Remedies)' portion of the JR Legal Guide [and which are listed in JRPA 2(1)]. These are the 'prerogative writs' [JRPA 2(1)1], and 'injunctions and declarations regarding statutory powers' [JRPA 2(1)2]. On the other hand, the JR-Damage option can only involve the latter remedy: the 'injunctions and declarations regarding statutory powers' [JRPA 2(1)2].
Over-whelmingly, most JR proceedings are brought as 'applications'. The availability of the unusual s.8 'action' may come as a surprise to many readers - but it's a worthwhile discovery as it allow the combination of damage claims (indeed, all action remedies) with some JR remedies.
1. MAIN OPTION [JRPA 2(1)]
2. 'URGENT' OPTION [JRPA 6(2)]
Urgent JR Cases (1)
3. JR-DAMAGE OPTION [JRPA 8]
JR-Damage Cases (1)
JR - Yatar (Joint JR-Appeal Proceedings) (+)
Rule 38 - Applications - Jurisdiction and Procedure
Rule 68 - Proceedings for Judicial Review
JRPA 9(1) - Sufficiency of application
SPPA 20 - Record of Proceeding
3. MAIN ORDERS (REMEDIES)
Remedies - Introduction [JRPA 2(1)]
Remedies Cases
Remedies Generally
'Remit/Decide' Choice on Grant (+)
Prerogative Writs Cases
Prerogative Writs - Generally [JRPA 2(1)1]
Prerogative Writs - Non-Statutory Powers [JRPA 2(1)1]
Certiorari [JRPA 2(1)1]
Mandamus [JRPA 2(1)1]
Prohibition [JRPA 2(1)1]
Quo Warranto
JRPA 7 - Summary disposition of mandamus, etc.
Statutory Powers - Introduction
Statutory Powers (Declarations and Injunctions) Cases
JR - Statutory Powers - General
JR - Statutory Powers of Decision (+)
Declarations [JRPA 2(1)2]
JRPA 2(4) - Power to Set Aside
JR Justiciability
Judicial Review - Justiciability (+)
Judicial Review - Against Decisions
Judicial Reviews - Not for Advisory Roles (+)
Judicial Review - Against Rules, Not Decisions
Judicial Review - Political Issues
Judicial Review - Not Against Reasons
Judicial Review - Not Applicable to Superior Court Decisions
Non-JR Remedies
Most injunction and declaration legal 'activity' does not involve judicial reviews, but the principles governing them are quite similar. For reference, these are my 'general' injunction and declaration sections.
Declarations
Injunctions and Stays
4. ADEQUATE ALTERNATIVE REMEDY (PREMATURITY)
The courts view judicial review as a last resort. That is, if there are any other anticipated legal remedies or stages available, the courts will normally require the applicant to use them first before they apply for judicial review [a leading case is Volochay v. College of Massage Therapists of Ontario (Ont CA, 2012)]. This 'prematurity' can take several forms, including the general prohibition against judicially-reviewing or appealing administrative interlocutory orders (on the theory that you might win regardless), or avoiding administrative regimes entirely out of a party's preference.
The courts locate their jurisdiction for this 'prematurity' doctrine on the discretionary nature of judicial review, which in Ontario they find in Ontario's Judicial Review Procedure Act (JRPA) [see JRPA 2(1) "may", and JRPA 2(5)] - but it exists in the common law as well.
Prior to the case of Strickland v. Canada (Attorney General) (SCC, 2015) [linked at the first AAR case-extract file], the courts generally referred to this doctrine as 'prematurity' [see those cases below], but since Strickland they tend to use the term 'adequate alternative remedy' [AAR] [see those cases below].
The court in Strickland makes it clear that deciding a 'adequate alternative remedy' case is not a task for using 'checklists' [para 43], but a truly discretionary matter of assessing the 'adequacy' (including the appropriateness) of the potential alternative remedy. So while a party can - and almost certainly will - cite similar case law, the related fact and practical situation will weigh very significantly in the decision.
In 2022 a separate lines of AAR cases came into prominence, where a JR was sought after statutorily-limited appeal was either pursued in parallel with the JR, or was
factually unavailable (these were normally cases where appeal was limited to 'questions of law'). The leading case was Yatar, and it held that JR may still be available but the court could decline to hear the case under it's JR discretion [JRPA 2(1) and 2(5)] to refuse to hear it.
Judicial Review - Prematurity-AAR Merger?
Judicial Review - Prematurity | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5
Judicial Review - Prematurity Exceptions (+)
Judicial Review - Adequate Alternative Remedy (Strickland) | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5
Substantive JR Law
5. STANDARD OF REVIEW (SOR)
JR - SOR - INTRODUCTION
Pre-Vavilov Cases
Pre-Vavilov Cases (1)
'Reasonableness'
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' in a Nutshell
JR - SOR - The 'Reasonableness' Test (1) | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' and 'Reasons for Decision'
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' - Examining Legal Precedents
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' - Failure of Rationality
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' - 'Line-by-line Treasure Hunt'
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' - Fact-finding
'Reasonableness' Exceptions
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exceptions - General
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exception - 'Central Importance to the Legal System'
. JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exception - Human Rights
. JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exception - Evidentiary Privilege
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exception - 'Jurisdictional Lines'
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exception - Concurrency
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exception - Constitutional
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exception - Indigenous
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exceptions - Where Both JR and Appeal Advanced
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' Exceptions - Ultra Vires Regulations
Yatar
JR - SOR - Yatar
Other Issues
JR - SOR - Legal Issues
JR - SOR - Fact Issues
JR - SOR - The Role of Errors in 'Reasonableness'
JR - SOR - Charter
JR - SOR - Reconsideration
JR - SOR - No Reasons
JR - SOR - Privative Clauses
JR - SOR - 'Patent Unreasonableness'
JR - SOR - Expertise (+)
JR - SOR - Statutory Range of the Decision-Maker
JR - SOR - Reasonableness - Not Own Analysis
JR - SOR - Finality
JR - SOR - International Law
JR - SOR - Cabinet Confidentiality
Vavilov Critique
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' and Stratas JA
JR - SOR - 'Reasonableness' and Other Critique
6. PUBLIC v. PRIVATE
Public v Private - Introduction
Public v Private (Paine, Setia)
Public v Private (2)
Public v Private (3) (Highwood)
Public v Private (4) (Federal)
Public v Private (5)
Public v Private (6)
Public v Private (7)
Public v Private - Exceptions
7. COMMON GROUNDS OF JR
Overview
Most judicial reviews (JRs) emanate from administrative law (mostly but not always, from tribunal decisions) and it's underlying law is quite varied. So it can be hard to 'locate' a ground for judicial review with the same ease that one can apply to appeals: Appeals - Common Grounds of Appeal (and trust me, that's not easy either). The fields of administrative law are all quite specific, having their own substantive and procedural law.
Review Grounds
The term 'reviews' covers both appeals and judicial reviews - anything that a party hopes might reverse a ruling against them. While there are only a few grounds listed at this link, that doesn't mean there are only a few grounds conceivable (or available) - the problem is that not many of them are 'common'.
Review - Grounds
Fairness
Administrative law has it's own field of procedural law - called procedural fairness, so you can have reference to that Isthatlegal topic. However the substantive law can't be abstracted easily so you will have to research those fields specifically.
Evidence
The various fields of administrative law are quite varied in their fact-finding methodology, so another major source of JR grounds is Administrative - Evidence law - and the more general Evidence law topic.
Other
Irregularities [JRPA 3]
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JRPA 2(2) Error of Law
JRPA 2(3) Lack of Evidence
JRPA 3 Defects in form, technical irregularities
CJA 96 - Rules of Law and Equity
8. PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS
Procedural Fairness [LINKED from /Fairness]
Reasonableness versus Procedural Fairness
9. FRESH LAW
When a party wants to raise new legal issues at the review (appeal or judicial review) (eg. if they didn't raise them at the trial or first hearing), that is an issue of fresh law [SS: my term].
Fresh Law [LINKED from /review]
10. EVIDENCE ON JR
JR Evidence - Introduction
Evidence Practice
Administrative - Record [SPPA 20] [#ADMINISTRATIVE]
Record to be Filed [JRPA 10]
Keeprite Current (+)
Keeprite Exceptions (+)
JR - Fresh Evidence
JR - Record - When to Address Motion to Add Material
Non-Hearing Decisions
Federal JR Cases
11. JR PERFECTION
JR - Factum
12. PARTIES TO A JR
The issue here is what entities are 'parties' to a JR. Unlike non-JR proceedings, any tribunal (ie. the decision-maker) has the right to be a party, and the Attorney-General has the right to be heard at the JR hearing [JRPA 9(2-4)].
Standing - Tribunal
Standing - Courts
JRPA 9(2-3) 'Exerciser of power may be a party'
JRPA 1 "Definitions" (party)
Standing - Attorney-General
JRPA 9(4) 'Notice to Attorney General'
Standing - Special Interest
Standing - Federal
13. PRIVATIVE CLAUSES
Privative Clauses (+)
Procedural JR Law
14. JR LIMITATIONS
The law of judicial review (JR) limitations underwent major charges on 08 July 2020. Prior to that date there was no general statutory limitation on JRs, and the court relied on a 'laches' (delay) principle. This they generally counted at six months from the 'events' to the commencement of the JR application (though I have seen some cases requiring actual perfection of the application within six months). Since 08 July 2020 however, the law is much more akin to the standard 30-day appeal timeline, with extensions under the Rules of Civil Procedure (though the JR timeline and extension are located in the JRPA).
These new JR limitation periods are quite politically nasty. Basically, they require the applicant to commence their JR application within 30 days of the events that they hope to JR - that's not 30 days from the applicant 'learning' of the events, it's counted without any concept of 'discoverability' (the standard principle of conventional civil proceeding limitation). If you miss the events by 30 days you have to hope you fall under an extension provision, otherwise you're likely toast.
As well, these 08 July 2020 JRPA limitation amendments have huge other negative impacts of Ontario law (more than the nasty ones intended). The 30-day time limit distorts, without accomodation, the well-established JR law of 'adequate alternative remedy' that motivates a party to use up all other available remedies before they have recourse to JR. Now, with JRPA s.5, parties are motivated to initiate JR immediately - thus violating the AAR rule and as well infringing the prohibition against a 'multiplicity of proceedings' [CJA 138] - here with all of a reconsideration review, an appeal and a judicial review. These problems have become manifest in Shearer v Oz (Div Ct, 2021) and Yatar v. TD Insurance Meloche Monnex (Ont CA, 2022).
Laches/Limitation - Pre-8 July 2020 Amendment
Limitation - Post-8 July 2020 Amendment (+)
Limitations - 'Continuous Course of Conduct'
JRPA 5(1) 'Limitations'
JRPA 5(2) 'Extension'
JRPA 5(3) 'Same, Other Acts'
JRPA 5(4) 'Transition'
Time - 2020 Time Limits Suspension
15. MOTIONS ON A JR
Judicial Review - Motions [R37]
Regardless of the 'procedural option' [see s.2] you use, motions are all governed by Rule 37 - Motions: Jurisdiction and Procedure.
Additionally, JRPA 4: Interim Order provides that "(o)n an application for judicial review, the court may make such interim order as it considers proper pending the final determination of the application".
16. RE-OPENING
A 're-opening' is just that, a re-opening of the case after a final judgment. Motions for re-openings cannot be brought after the order is formalized, but then a R59.06 set-aside may be sought on rare facts.
Re-opening
Other Issues
17. MISCELLANEOUS
Judicial Review - Quashing
Judicial Review - Dismissal for Delay
Judicial Review and the Charter
Judicial Review and Investigation
Judicial Review - Practice
Judicial Review - 'Pleadings'
Judicial Review - Federal versus Provincial Courts
Judicial Review - Leave to Judicial Review
Judicial Review - Stay Pending JR
FLOATERS TO BE ALLOCATED
|||Definitions of the Courts of Justice Act [Courts of Justice Act, s.1 (Ontario)] [#COURTS]
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