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Medical Professionals (RHPA) - Enforcement Court Orders [HPPC s.87]. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario v. Kilian
In College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario v. Kilian (Ont CA, 2023) the Court of Appeal considers an appeal of an HPPC/RHPA enforcement court order [under HPPC s.87] "requiring her to comply with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario’s (the “College”) investigation into her conduct", here where the appellant argued that they should have been allowed to argue the main substantive issues in the case in this HPPC s.87 procedure:Court orders
87 The College may apply to the Superior Court of Justice for an order directing a person to comply with a provision of the health profession Act, this Code, the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991, the regulations under those Acts or the by-laws made under clause 94 (1) (l.2), (l.3) (s), (t), (t.1), (t.2), (v), (w) or (y). In these quotes, the court considers the extent to which the application court could consider the merits of the underlying S.87-triggering statutory violation [here, HPPC 76(3) ['Obstruction prohibited'] and 76(3.1) ['Member to co-operate']:[12] The application judge held that all that is required on a s. 87 application is for the College to show that there was a breach of the statute, i.e., the Code, and that the statute permits the court to make the order against Dr. Kilian. He noted that the purpose of an investigation is to compel a non-cooperating physician to comply with their statutory obligations in an ongoing College investigation. The scope of review on a s. 87 application is therefore limited.
[13] The application judge held that issues relating to the constitutionality of the legislation or its application, and issues relating to the legitimacy of the investigation, or the investigators’ actions, should be reviewed by the College’s Discipline Committee at first instance, not the court on a s. 87 application.
[14] As such, he declined to consider the merits of the investigation and rejected Dr. Kilian’s argument that the College was required to prove the legality of the underlying investigation before the court could require her to produce the records.
[15] The application judge held that the requirements for issuance of a s. 87 order had been met. Dr. Kilian did not cooperate with the investigation, in breach of s. 76 of the Code. Furthermore, the records were within the terms of the investigation, were relevant to the assessment of Dr. Kilian’s conduct, and Dr. Kilian offered no legitimate reason for her refusal to cooperate.
[16] The application judge refused to exercise his discretion not to order Dr. Kilian’s compliance because, among other things, he found there was no reason to depart from the scope of discretion available on a s. 87 application, there were no legitimate privacy concerns regarding the patients, and Dr. Kilian had contributed to extensive and unreasonable delay in the proceedings.
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[21] A s. 87 application is brought to compel a non-cooperating doctor to comply with their statutory obligations in an ongoing College investigation. The application will be granted where “there has been a continued breach of the statute by the person against whom the injunction is sought and [where] the statute permits the Court to make an order against that person”: College of Physicians and Surgeons v. Ravikovich, 2010 ONSC 5714, at para. 10.
[22] The scope of review by the court on a s. 87 application is limited. The role of the court in the context of a s. 87 application to enforce compliance with s. 76 of the Code is to consider “whether the requests for information that the investigators have made are within the scope of their investigatory powers”: Kilian v. CPSO, 2023 ONSC 5, 11 Admin L.R. (7th) 89 (Div. Ct.), at para. 58.
[23] As noted by the Divisional Court in Kilian, at para. 53, “breach of the legislation will be established the moment that the [College] can demonstrate to the Court that Dr. Kilian was the subject of an investigation and was not cooperating with the investigation.”[1] There was a novel important passage [paras 19-39] ["I. Whether the Application Judge Erred in Finding He Did Not Have Jurisdiction to Consider Arguments Relating to the Lawfulness of the s. 76 Demand and the Constitutional Arguments"], which relate to the odd status of HPPC s.87, which can perhaps be best described as an 'administrative enforcement court order' (almost like a contempt order). When an HPPC s.87 court application was sought by the CPSO, the appellant - finding themselves suddenly in the Superior Court - perhaps felt free to argue the larger substantive merits of the case (eg. constitutional, 'real and probable grounds') - but they were shut down on this by the application judge. In denying this ground of appeal, the appeal court alluded to the prematurity [Volochay] doctrine that one cannot generally review (appeal or judicial review) administrative matters until they are 'final'. This leaves us with the logical conclusion that this HPPC s.87 court procedure was still 'administrative', coming on early in these investigative CPSO proceeding as it did - not even yet at a Tribunal stage:[27] Dr. Kilian’s position demonstrates a misunderstanding of the purpose of a s. 87 application and the regulatory context in which it is situated.
[28] The Divisional Court in Kilian correctly noted, at para. 51, that a s. 87 application occurs within the context of an ongoing administrative process. There is a long-standing principle not to interfere in an ongoing administrative process until it is complete, absent exceptional circumstances: Ontario College of Art v. Ontario (Human Rights Commission) (1993), 1993 CanLII 3430 (ON SCDC), 11 O.R. (3d) 798 (Div. Ct.); Ravikovich v. College of Physicians and Surgeons, 2010 ONSC 5194 (Div. Ct.), at para. 4; Volochay v. College of Massage Therapists of Ontario, 2012 ONCA 541, 111. O.R. (3d) 561, at paras. 68-69.
[29] There are legitimate policy reasons for this principle. As described by this court in Volochay, at para. 69, quoting Stratas J.A. in C.B. Powell Limited v. Canada (Border Services Agency), 2010 FCA 61, [2011] 2 F.C.R. 332, at para. 42:This prevents fragmentation of the administrative process and piecemeal court proceedings, eliminates the large costs and delays associated with premature forays to court and avoids the waste associated with hearing an interlocutory judicial review when the applicant for judicial review may succeed at the end of the administrative process anyway. Further, only at the end of the administrative process will a reviewing court have all of the administrative decision-maker’s findings; these findings may be suffused with expertise, legitimate policy judgments and valuable regulatory experience. Finally, this approach is consistent with and supports the concept of judicial respect for administrative decision-makers who, like judges, have decision-making responsibilities to discharge. [Citations omitted.] ....
[36] The Discipline Committee has the power to grant remedies pursuant to s. 24 of the Charter and can decline to apply legislation where it determines the legislation is unconstitutional: Okwuobi v. Lester B. Pearson School Board; Casimir v. Quebec (Attorney General); Zorilla v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2005 SCC 16, [2005] 1 S.C.R. 257, at paras. 44-45. It is also the proper forum for a party to challenge the appointment of an investigator, the lawfulness of a s. 76 demand and any alleged violation of Dr. Kilian’s individual rights: Kilian, at para. 50.
[37] After the administrative process is complete, Dr. Kilian can then challenge the outcome of the administrative process through judicial review to the Divisional Court: Judicial Review Procedure Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. J.1, ss. 1, 2, and 6(1). To allow her to do so now before the investigation is complete would be premature: Dioguardi Tax Law v. The Law Society of Upper Canada, 2015 ONSC 3430, 337 C.R.R. (2d) 101, aff’d 2016 ONCA 531, 133 O.R. (3d) 151, leave to appeal refused, [2016] S.C.C.A. No. 407.
[38] For these reasons, we find the College did not need to prove its demand for production of documents was lawful before making the order. As such, the first ground of appeal fails.
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[42] As the application judge succinctly stated:The [College] has established grounds for a s. 87 order. The request made by the investigator for the records he sought was a proper one given the terms of the investigation ordered by the [College]. The records sought are relevant to the relatively broad terms of his appointment to assess the Respondent’s conduct concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. The Respondent is indisputably refusing to cooperate [by providing the requested medical records] and has not established any legitimate reason for doing so.
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