Simon's Megalomaniacal Legal Resources

1. Overview
   
2. 'Persons'
   (a) "Persons" in Ontario Law
   (b) "Persons" under the Code
   (c) "Organizations" under the Part IV Rules
   (d) Vicarious Liability
   (e) Joinder
   
3. Parties
   
4. Notice and 'Affected Persons'
   
5. Intervention
   (a) Overview
   (b) Private Intervention
   . Overview
   . Private Intervenor Application
   . Response to Private Intervenor Application
   (c) Commissioner Intervention
   . Overview
   . Without Applicant Consent
   . With Applicant Consent
   (d) Bargaining Agent Intervention
   
6. Legal Representation, Proxy Applications and Legal Incompetents
   (a) Overview
   (b) Legal Representatives
   (c) Proxy Applications
   . Overview
   . Proxy Applications
   (d) Legal Incompetency
   . Overview
   . Procedures and Duties of Litigation Guardians
   . Minors (Children)
   . Mental Incompetents
   
7. Special Needs
   
8. Language of Proceedings and Interpreters
   
9. Human Rights Legal Support Centre
   (a) Overview
   (b) Human Rights Legal Support Centre
   (c) Services

------------------------------
1. Overview

This chapter considers the issues of parties, legal representation, intervention and related topics. While these issues might seem fairly straightforward they often are not, and this chapter should be reviewed to get a basic understanding of these important details.


2. 'Persons'

(a) "Persons" in Ontario Law

This section focusses on the legal status of various interest-holders and their roles within the formal Code system. In order to appreciate their interaction fully, it is best to understand from the outset how the law generally, and Code law in particular, treats the subject of "persons" and the terminology that it uses.

The most obvious form of a legal "person" is the natural one, and the law sometimes refers to "natural persons" to make clear that it is speaking about real, flesh and blood human beings, and not including within the term such things as corporations. In fact, without such clarification, the legal term "person" in Ontario law would normally include corporations (by virtue of s.87 of the Legislation Act, an Ontario statute that sets out basic definitions and rules that apply to the interpretation and application of other Ontario statutes).

(b) "Persons" under the Code

The Code, which generally refers to "persons", then expands that basic Legislation Act definition (ie. 'natural persons' and corporations) as follows:

s.46
In this Act, "person" in addition to the extended meaning given it by Part VI (Interpretation) of the Legislation Act, 2006, includes

• an employment agency,
  
  
• an employers' organization,
  
  
• an unincorporated association,
  
  
• a trade or occupational association,
  
  
• a trade union,
  
  
• a partnership,
  
  
• a municipality,
  
  
• a board of police commissioners established under the Police Act,
  being chapter 381 of the Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1980, and
  
  
• a police services board established under the Police Services Act, 2018.

This expanded definition captures a broad range of legal entities both incorporated and unincorporated, and as well some unique trade, employment and statutory entities. Perhaps the most novel of these, which is particularly relevant for purpose of intervention status (see s.5, below) is that of "unincorporated associations", which can be quite ill-defined (and even spontaneous) in nature. A preliminary and incomplete discussion of these 'associations' is linked here: Associations.

As well, of course, although this list does not include "governments", it is implicit in the Code that municipalities (which technically are corporations) and the provincial government (and all its agencies) can be respondents to Code proceedings [Code s.47(1)].

The Tribunal has issued an Interpretation Bulletion on the issue of naming parties, and I link it here for reference: Naming Respondents.

(c) "Organizations" under the Part IV Rules

It should also be noted that the key Part IV rules refer sometimes to "organizations", though without defining them more specifically. That said, it seems implicit from its usage in the Rules that the term "organization" means to refer collectively to all entitles other than "natural persons" to whom the Code applies (as noted above) [Rule 1.4: "party" means any person or organization entitled to participate in a proceeding ..."]. Thus these Rules' frequent referral to 'persons and organizations.'

(d) Vicarious Liability

The term 'vicarious liability' refers to situations where the actions of one person may be taken, legally to be the actions another legal entity, either through complete transfer or by joint (both) liability.

These issues are treated more thoroughly in Ch.5, s.9: "Forms of Discrimination: Vicarious Liability Transferred to Employer".

Case Note: Zheng v G4S Secure Solutions (Canada) Ltd. (Div Ct, 2022)

(e) Joinder

On occasion parties may wish to file or merge applications together, and sometimes the Tribunal or respondents may wish to split such 'joined' applications apart [Code s.34(4)]. These issues, generally considered under the topic of "joinder", are discussed further in Ch.8, s.2(b): "Private Applications: Commencing Applications: Joinder of Applications".


3. Parties

Traditionally in civil and administrative litigation, "parties" are those entitled full participation in a legal proceeding. This concept is affirmed in the Part IV Rules [R1.4]:

"party" means any person or organization entitled to participate in a proceeding as a party under s. 36 of the Code and the Commission if added with the consent of the Applicant under s.37(2), and includes any other person or organization added by the Tribunal as a party or intervenor, with or without terms, including the Commission under s.37(1).

More precisely, the Code [s.36] sets out that the following are "parties" to a privately-initiated (under Code s.34) application:

• the applicant, or in the case of a proxy application [see s.6(c) below], the person on whose behalf the application is made;
  
  
• any person against whom an order is sought in the application (called a "respondent").

If the application is initiated by the Commission (under Code s.35), then the Commission and any respondents are parties, and if a private, parallel application has been initiated with respect to the same matter then the private applicant (or proxy applicant) are also parties.

In either case the Tribunal can add parties [Code s.36] or add and remove them "to provide for the fair, just and expeditious resolution of any matter before it" [Rules 1.7(2)].

It is the duty [Rule 1.13] of all parties to notify the Tribunal and all other parties, promptly and in writing, of any changes in their contact information.


4. Notice and 'Affected Persons'

The Tribunal may also direct that 'notice' of any proceeding be given to any person [Rules 1.7(6)]. This would presumably be done to give such persons the oppourtunity to apply to intervene in the proceedings [see s.5: "Intervention", below] or to be kept up to date on it for purposes of related proceedings (such as related court proceedings).

The Rules anticipate such a (usually) temporary non-party 'notice-only' status with the concept of an "affected person", which is defined as [Rule 1.4]:

"affected person" means a person, organization, trade union or other occupational or professional association identified in an Application or Response as being affected by a proceeding and entitled to notice of the proceeding;

It seems implicit from R3.14 that the Tribunal views such "notice" to be achieved by service of the application (or response) to the "affected person", which is only logical.

In essence then, a Tribunal direction that a person receive notice of the proceeding is an order that they are (at least temporarily) an "affected person". Application forms (and Response forms) call for the applicant (and respondent) to list persons who they think are affected by the application, and such persons are (at least temporarily) "affected persons".

It is important to appreciate that "affected person" status, absent a later intervention order (usually sought by a motion to intervene by the 'affected person') giving the person a fuller status (either as an 'intervenor' or a full party), is temporary. The time limits for making such a Request to Intervene are explained immediately below.


5. Intervention

(a) Overview

'Intervention' refers to the process whereby a person who is not yet a party (by virtue of law or prior Tribunal order: see s.3 above), seeks to become either a limited (according to terms set by the Tribunal) 'intervenor' or a full party intervenor. Intervenors can be either persons or organizations.

(b) Private Intervention

. Overview

As is discussed in s.4 above ["Notice and Affected Persons"], the Code and its Rules establish an 'affected person' status which can lead to a fuller participatory status. "Affected persons" named by parties in their applications or responses have the right to "Request to Intervene" before the Tribunal [Rule R3.14] within 35 days of receiving notice of their status. If they fail to do so then they lose their 'affected' party status and are not entitled to any further notice of the proceedings.

Additionally, the Tribunal can name other persons or organizations with intervention status [Rule 11.1]. In either case if the 'affected person' applies for intervention, the Tribunal can order either full party status, or a defined and limited 'intervenor' status [Rule 11.1: "the Tribunal will determine the extent to which an intervenor will be permitted to participate in a proceeding"].

Note:
The Rule 11.1 does not make it clear, but it seems to me to be an aspect of natural justice that the intervention 'order' can only be done by the Tribunal in response to an Application (see below). That is, that while the intervention status decision is ultimately up to the Tribunal, that the Tribunal may not unilaterally assign someone intervention status without the Application process being following. However the wording of R11.2 is ambiguous. It reads:

11.2
A request to intervene by a person or organization, other than a request by the Commission, [editor's emphasis] must be made in Form 5, Request to Intervene, and must be delivered to all parties and any affected persons or organizations identified in the Application or the Response and filed with the Tribunal.

So does this means that the Tribunal doesn't have to go through the Application process to appoint an intervenor, or just that it doesn't have to use that form but is still bound to notify the parties and have the issue heard? What does seem clear is that the Tribunal may initiate an intervenor 'process' by itself. Thoughts of readers are welcome.

. Private Intervenor Application

A Request to Intervene by a private person or organization is made using [R11.2]:

Form 5: Request to Intervene
It should be delivered to all existing parties, affected persons or organizations named in the application or response and filed with the Tribunal [for service and delivery methods see Ch.14: "Service"].

The Form 5 requires the following detail (this will all be called for in the form) [Rule 11.3]:

• a description of the issue that the person or organization wants to address;
  
  
• an explanation of the proposed intervenor's interest in the
  issues and its expertise, if any, regarding the issues;
  
  
• the proposed intervenor's position, if any, on each of the issues
  raised in the Application and the Response; and
  
  
• the 'material facts' upon which the proposed intervenor will rely.
  
  'Material facts' are the key facts or factual conclusions which
  legal analysis then operates on. 'Material facts' are the main
  defining concept used for civil litigation pleadings, and they
  are further discussed in the Isthatlegal.ca Small Claims
  Court Guide (Ontario), linked here:
  
  Small Claims Court (Ontario) Legal Guide, Ch.8: Pleadings

. Response to Private Intervenor Application

A "Response to Request" (to a private Request to Intervene) is made using this form [R11.4] (if the person wishes to respond) which must be filed within 21 days after delivery of the "Request to Intervene":

Form 11: Request to Intervene
It should be delivered to all existing parties, affected persons or organizations, and to the proposed intervenor - and filed with the Tribunal [for service and filing methods see Ch.14: "Service"] [Rule 11.5].

(c) Commissioner Intervention

. Overview

In addition to initiating its own full application (under Code s.35: see Ch.9) - which may or may not be conducted simultaneously in parallel with a private (Code s.34) application - the Commission may seek intervenor status within a privately-initiated s.34 application [R11.6]. This latter process is the topic here.

Such requests made be made either with or without the consent of the private applicant, and may be granted "on such terms as the Tribunal may determine having regard to the role and mandate of the Commission under this Act" [Code s.37]. The Commission's mandate is discussed in Ch.18, s.3 ["Commission Role: Functions and Roles of the Commission"].

. Without Applicant Consent

A Request to Intervene by the Commission without the consent of a private applicant (or respondent) is also made using [Rule 11.7]:

Form 5: Request to Intervene
It should be delivered to all existing parties, affected persons or organizations named in the Application or Response and filed with the Tribunal [for service and filing methods see Ch.14: "Service"].

A Form 5 filed by the Commission requires the following detail [R11.8]:

• a statement of the issues that the Commission wants to address;
  
  
• an explanation of how the issues relate to the Commission's role,
  mandate and the public interest;
  
  
• the Commission's position, if any, on each of the issues raised
  in the Application and the Response; and
  
  
• all of the 'material facts' upon which the Commission will rely.
  
  'Material facts' are the key facts or factual conclusions which
  legal analysis then operates on. 'Material facts' is also the
  main defining concept used for civil litigation pleadings,
  and they are further discussed in the Isthatlegal.ca
  Small Claims Court Guide (Ontario), linked here:
  
  Small Claims Court (Ontario) Legal Guide, Ch.8: Pleadings
  
• the remedies that the Commission is seeking; and
  
  
• the terms on which the Commission seeks to intervene.

Responses to a Commission's Request to Intervene [R11.9] (if the person wishes to respond) must be filed within 21 days after service of the "Request to Intervene":

Form 11: Response to Request to Intervene
It should be served on the Commission, all existing parties, and all 'affected persons' or organizations - and filed with the Tribunal [for service and filing methods see Ch.14: "Service"] [R11.10].

Where granting the Request the Tribunal may order intervention status "on such terms as the Tribunal considers appropriate" [R11.6].

. With Applicant Consent

Where the applicant consents to the intervention of the Commission such intervention is not automatic and still requires a Tribunal order. Further, even if inclined to grant it, the Tribunal must still set out the terms of intervention.

The form used for this is [R11.11]:

Form 6: Application by Commission to Intervene with Consent of Applicant
A consent section is included in the Form 6.

These should be delivered to all existing parties, and all 'affected persons' or organizations - and then filed with the Tribunal [for service and filing methods see Ch.14: "Service"] [R11.12].

The Form 6 must (this will all be called for in the form) [R11.13]:

• contain a statement of the issues that the Commission wants to address;
  
  
• set out the Commission's position, if any, on each of the issues
  raised in the Application and the Response;
  
  
• set out all of the material facts upon which the Commission will
  rely;
  
  
• set out the remedies that the Commission is seeking; and
  
  
• set out the terms on which the Commission seeks to intervene.

(d) Bargaining Agent Intervention

In a union context the bargaining agent may wish to intervene in an employment case, in which case they may file a [R11.14]:

Form 28: Notice of Intervention by Bargaining Agent
A request to remove a bargaining agent as an intervenor shall be made as a Request for Order During Proceedings in accordance with Rule 19 [R11.15] (see Ch.11: "Motions").


6. Legal Representation, Proxy Applications and Legal Incompetents

(a) Overview

Obviously, "natural persons" are entitled to 'self-represent' themselves in Code proceedings. This section addresses issues that arise when natural persons and organizations are represented by others.

Such situations include traditional legal representation, such as by a paralegal or lawyer, and as well the Code-unique practice of 'proxy' applications (my term) for persons not willing or able to advance applications on their own.

Readers should also be aware of the possibility of no-charge or subsidized legal services available through the statutorily-created Human Rights Legal Support Centre, discussed further in s.9 (below). The Centre's website is linked there.

(b) Legal Representatives

Both lawyers and paralegals (together, 'LSUC licensees') are entitled to act as legal representatives for any persons or organizations before the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal. Of course, persons may represent themselves; [Rule 1.14, Social Justice Rule A9.1].

As well, Ontario's regulation of legal representation makes exceptions which allow some non-licensees (ie. persons who are neither lawyers nor paralegals), to act on behalf of those who are directly before the Tribunal either as parties, intervenors, or otherwise. Typically these exceptions are persons whose regular business or roles naturally involves them periodically in Code-related proceedings such as union officials or staff and officials of organizations that appear before the Tribunal in a party or intervenor status. These legal representation exceptions are explained at this link:

Law Society of Upper Canada: By-Law 4, Part V: Licensing Exemptions
While LSUC licensees are governed with respect to professional conduct by the Law Society, the non-licensee exceptions are not - so (like most administrative Tribunals) the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal has an ability to exclude non-licensees from its proceedings:

Statutory Powers Procedures Act
s.23(3)
A tribunal may exclude from a hearing anyone, other than a person licensed under the Law Society Act, appearing on behalf of a party or as an adviser to a witness if it finds that such pers on is not competent properly to represent or to advise the party or witness, or does not understand and comply at the hearing with the duties and responsibilities of an advocate or adviser.

Of course, any legal representative - licensed or not - must engage in common sense communications (in writing) with the Tribunal and other parties as to when they are 'on-record' or 'off-record' [Rules 1.15], and of any changes in contact information [Rules 1.13]. While these noted Rules only refer to a need to do this when the representation is with respect to a 'party', basic professional responsibility would extend this naturally to situations involving intervenors and 'affected persons'.

The Tribunal has issued a policy on legal representation and I link it here for reference:

Representation Policy
(c) Proxy Applications

. Overview

Perhaps in an effort to relieve persons of the expense of legal proceedings or to facilitate collective applications, the Code system allows others to make application on behalf of a 'principal' [the primary person or organization (my term)] where the principal consents.

In law, anyone who acts in a role like this is called a 'fiduciary', and they have a duty to act in the best interests of the principal - and not to have any personal or institutional interests that conflict with those of the principal. Typically, such a role also (though not necessarily) involves using the services of a conventional legal representative such as a lawyer.

Anyone considering consenting to their application being advanced by a proxy should think seriously about the policy goals of their potential proxy, and whether they are the same as their own. Unions in particular habitually trade off the rights of individual members for larger, perceived policy goals - and other public interest groups are not always above this kind of behaviour.

The Tribunal has issued a Practice Direction on this issue and I link it here for reference:

Practice Direction: Applications on Behalf of Others
. Proxy Applications

As noted above, the Code establishes a 'proxy' (my term) system whereby applications can brought, with the consent of the principal, using the usual s.34 private application process [see Ch.8, s.2(e): Private Applications: Commencing Applications: Proxy Private Applications"] [Code s.34(5-7); Rule 6.8].

Proxy applications use different forms (Form 27) from regular private applications (which use Form 1) [Rule 6.1], must be made within the normal timelines for such applications [Code s.34(8)] and are subject to discretionary time extensions [Code s.34(2); s.34(9)] (see Ch.8: "Private Applications" for full application procedures). Consents are included within the Form 27.

The principal may withdraw a proxy application on their own [Code s.34(9)].

(d) Legal Incompetency

. Overview

The 'proxy applications' procedure just discussed [(c) above] are premised on the principal having legal competency to consent to the proxy application. However that cannot always be assumed - particularly in the case of disabled persons.

While conventional (court) civil procedure has specifically addressed situations where parties must have legal assistance [ie. where they lack legal 'competency' (also called 'parties under disability'): eg. children, mental incompetents, 'absentees' (missing persons)] with the concept of a 'litigation guardian' [see Rule 7 of the Rules of Civil Procedure], administrative proceedings in Ontario (primarily governed under the generic Statutory Powers Procedures Act (SPPA) have no such well-established procedures.

However, the HR Rules and the Social Justice Rules now address this situation.

Note:
The Social Justice Rules that deals with litigation guardians [SJ Rule A10] start out at SJ Rule 10.1 with this:

SJ A10.1
These Rules applies where a person seeks to be a litigation guardian for a party. It does not apply where no litigation guardian is required as a result of the nature of the proceeding.

It is hard to imagine any situation where a litigation guardian might be required, yet it can be held that it might not be "required as a result of the nature of the proceeding". Readers are invited to explain their ideas of the function of this Rule.

. Procedures and Duties of Litigation Guardians

The role of a litigation guardian is commenced by the filing and acceptance (it may be refused) of a complete declaration in the form required below (for either minors or mental incompetents) [Rule 10.5].

The Tribunal may "review the declaration" and "may direct submissions by the parties on whether the litigation guardian should be refused". The Tribunal may refuse, or later remove the litigation guardian from their role, on the following grounds at their own initiative or on request of any person (note any 'person', not just any 'party') [SJ Rule 10.5-10.7]:

• the litigation guardian has an interest that conflicts with the interests of the person represented;
  
  
• the appointment conflicts with the substitute decision making authority of another person;
  
  
• the person has in fact the capacity to conduct or continue the proceeding;
  
  
• the litigation guardian is unable or unwilling to continue in this role;
  
  
• a more appropriate person seeks to be litigation guardian, or
  
  
• no litigation guardian is needed to conduct the proceeding.

The duties of a litigation guardian are to "diligently attend to the interests of the person represented and shall take all steps necessary for the protection of those interests", including [SJ Rules A.10.8]:

• to the extent possible, informing and consulting with the person represented about the proceedings;
  
  
• considering the impact of the proceeding on the person represented;
  
  
• deciding whether to retain a representative and providing instructions to the representative; and
  
  
• assisting in gathering evidence to support the proceeding and putting forward the best possible case to the tribunal

"No one may be compensated for serving as a litigation guardian unless provided for by law or a pre-existing agreement" [SJ Rule A.10.9]. This rule apparently just requires that any compensation for the litigation guardian be either set out in law, or set out in agreement - there is not even a requirement that the agreement be in writing (though it is preferrable).

. Minors (Children)

The Human Rights Tribunal website provides for a declaration for a: Form 4A: Litigation Guardian on Behalf of a Minor (under 18).

The declaration includes [SJ Rules A.10.3]:

• the litigation guardian's consent to serve in this role;
  
  
• the minor's date of birth;
  
  
• the nature of the relationship to the minor;
  
  
• that any other person with custody or legal guardianship of the minor has been provided with a copy of the materials in the proceeding and a copy of the SJTO Practice Direction on Litigation Guardians;
  
  
• that the litigation guardian has no interest that conflicts with those of the person represented;
  
  
• an undertaking to act in accordance with the responsibilities of a litigation guardian as set out in Rule A10.8 (above); and
  
  
• that the litigation guardian is at least 18 years of age and understands the nature of the proceeding.

"When a minor who was represented by a litigation guardian turns 18, the role of the litigation guardian will automatically end" [SJ Rules A10.10].

. Mental Incompetents

"Persons are presumed to have the mental capacity to manage and conduct their case and to appoint and instruct a representative" [SJ Rules A.10.2]. However procedures are available in the event of mental incapacity.

The Human Rights Tribunal website provides for a declaration for a: Form 4B: Litigation Guardian: Mental Incompetent.

The declaration includes [SJ Rules A.10.4]:

• the litigation guardian's consent to serve in this role;
  
  
• the nature of the litigation guardian's relationship to the person represented;
  
  
• reasons for believing that the person is not mentally capable of participating in the proceeding;
  
  
• the nature and extent of the disability causing the mental incapacity;
  
  
• that no other person has authority to be the person's litigation guardian in the proceeding;
  
  
• that any person who holds power of attorney or guardianship for the person for other matters has been provided with a copy of the materials in the proceeding and a copy of the SJTO Practice Direction on Litigation Guardians;
  
  
• that the litigation guardian has no interest that conflicts with the interests of the person represented;
  
  
• an undertaking to act in accordance with the responsibilities of a litigation guardian as set out in Rule A10.8 (above); and
  
  
• that the litigation guardian is at least 18 years of age and understands the nature of the proceeding.

Legal competency and capacity issues are discussed in more detail in Ch.3, s.10(c): "Grounds of Discrimination: Disability: Exceptions for Disability-Related Incapacity". The primary statute dealing with these issues is the Substitute Decisions Act (Ontario).


7. Special Needs

The Social Justice Rules provide that persons manifesting Code grounds of discrimination [as enumerated in Ch.3] are entitled to accomodation of their needs by the Tribunal:

SJ Rules A5.1
A party, representative, witness or support person is entitled to
accommodation of Human Rights Code-related needs by the tribunal and
should notify the tribunal as soon as possible if accommodation is required.

8. Language of Proceedings and Interpreters

Language and interpreter issues are discussed in Ch.16, s.2(f): "Hearings: Procedures Common to All Forms of Hearing: Language of Proceedings".


9. Human Rights Legal Support Centre

(a) Overview

In doing the 2019 update of this 'Human Rights (Ontario) Legal Guide' I couldn't resist repeating the 2009 version of this section.

Note:
Prior to the 2008 amendments to the Code, the Commission itself was charged with investigation of individual complaints, ostensibly on behalf of the complainants. The investigative system was an unmitigated disaster and the 'investigative' role became just another oppourtunity for the Commission to exert its fanatical 'gate-keeping' function, eliminating complaints wholesale through absurdly delayed and ineffectual investigations. In what was perhaps the worst travesty of justice in modern Canadian legal history, thousands upon thousands of complaints languished for years, all pending completion of a long-promised investigation before the Commission would even considered scheduling the matter for hearing. Thankfully, this investigative function has been stripped from the Commission.

Things really were that bad, and have been that bad throughout the history of Ontario human rights administrative law.

(b) Human Rights Legal Support Centre

In its place the Code has established a new "Human Rights Legal Support Centre", essentially a legal clinic for Code applicants [Code s.45.11-45.18].

The Centre's website is linked here:

Human Rights Legal Support Centre
Some details of the establishment of the Centre are set out in the provisions noted. While government-funded it is meant to be arms-length from both the Commission, the Tribunal and the government.

Its formal objects are [Code s.45.12]:

• to establish and administer a cost-effective and efficient system for providing support services, including legal services, respecting applications to the Tribunal under Part IV [these are s.34 private applications, and to a lesser extent the s.35 Commission-initiated applications]; and
  
  
• to establish policies and priorities for the provision of support
  services based on its financial resources.

(c) Services

Support services to be provided include [Code s.45.13]:

• advice and assistance, legal and otherwise, respecting the
  infringement of rights under Part I.
  
  
• legal services in relation to,
  
  i. the making of applications to the Tribunal under Part IV,
  
  ii. proceedings before the Tribunal under Part IV,
  
  iii. applications for judicial review arising from Tribunal
  proceedings,
  
  iv. stated case proceedings,
  
  v. the enforcement of Tribunal orders.
  
  
• such other services as may be prescribed by regulation.